EQUIVALENTS WITHIN EACH STANDARD

AVOIRDUPOIS

27.34 grains = 1 dram

60 grains = 1 drachm

16 drams = 1 ounce

16 ounces = 1 pound

28 pounds = 1/4 hundredweight

112 pounds = 1 hundredweight

20 hundredweight = 1 ton

2000 pounds = 1 short ton

2240 pounds = 1 long ton

APOTHECARY

20 grains = 1 scruple

3 scruples = 1 drachm

8 drachms = 1 ounce

12 ounces = 1 pound

5760 grains = 1 pound

FLUID MEASURE (archaic)

1 minim = .003612 cubic inches

60 minims = 1 drachm

8 drachms = 1 ounce

1 gill = 5 ounces

20 ounces = 1 pint 

2 pints = 1 quart

4 quarts = 1 gallon

METRIC

1000 milligrams = 1 gram

100 centigrams = 1 gram

10 decigrams = 1 gram

10 grams = 1 decagram

100 grams = 1 hectogram

1000 grams = 1 kilogram

1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton

TROY

24 grains = 1 pennyweight

20 pennyweight = 1 ounce

12 ounces = 1 pound

CARAT WEIGHT

3.16666 gr. = 1 carat .031666 gr. = 1 point 100 points = 1 carat

2 mg. = 1 metric point 200 mg. = 1 metric carat

ABBREVIATIONS USED

gr = grain

oz = ounce

lb = pound

mt = metric ton

g = gram

mg = milligram

kg = kilogram

pnywt = pennyweight

DRY MEASURE

67.2 cubic inches = 2 dry pints = 1 dry quart

4 dry quarts = 1 dry gallon

8 dry quarts = 2 dry gallons = 1 peck

4 pecks = 1 bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches level

3 bushels (4 of corn) = 1 sack

12 sacks = 1 cauldron

8 bushels or 2 sacks = 1 quarter

5 quarters = 1 load

LIQUID MEASURE

57.75 cubic inches = 2 pints = 1 liquid quart

16 liquid ounces = 1 liquid pint

4 liquid quarts = 1 gallon

METRIC CAPACITY

1 liter = 1000 milliters

10 liters = 1 decaliter

1 liter = 100 centiliters

100 liters = 1 hectaliter

1 liter = 10 deciliters

1000 liters = 1 kiloliter

CAPACITY EQUIVALENTS

1 milliter = .2705 fluid dram

1 liter = 2.1134 pints

1 centiliter = .3381 fluid oz

1 liter = 1.0567 quarts

1 decaliter = .8454 gill

WOOD MEASURE

1 foot X 1 foot X 1 inch = 1 board foot = 144 cubic inches

24.75 cubic feet = 1 perch

16 cubic feet = 1 cord foot

4 cord feet = 1 rick

2 ricks = 8 cord feet

128 cubic feet = 1 cord

1 cord = A pile 8 feet X 4 feet X 4 feet

1 rick = A pile 8 feet X 4 feet X 2 feet

1 face cord = A pile 8 feet X 4 feet X the length of the logs

1 long ton softwood = 1 cord

1.75 long ton hardwood = 1 cord

WOOL MEASURE

7 pounds = 1 clove

2 cloves = 1 stone

2 stones = 1 tod

6.5 tods = 1 wey

12 sacks = 1 last = 4368 pounds = 39 cwt.

SQUARE MEASURE

1 sq.foot = 144 sq. inches

1 sq. yard = 9 sq. feet

1 sq. rod = 30 1/4 sq. yards

1 sq. chain = 16 sq. rods

1 rood = 2.5 sq chains

1 acre = 4 roods

1 sq. mile = 640 acres, 2560 roods or 3,097,600 square yards

CUBIC MEASURE

1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot

27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard

CUBIC METRIC EQUIVALENTS

1 cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimeters

1 cubic foot = .0283 cubic meters

1 cubic yard = .7646 cubic meters

ANGULAR MEASURE

60 seconds = 1 minute

60 minutes = 1 degree

30 degrees = 1 sign

90 degrees = 1 quadrant

4 quadrants (360 degrees) = 1 circle

LINEAR MEASURE

12 lines = 1 inch

3 inches = 1 palm

4 inches = 1 hand

12 inches = 1 foot

3 feet = 1 yard

1 cupit (cubit) = elbow to the longest finger; average 18 inches

1 fathom = finger tip to tip of extended arms; average 6 feet

1 pace, military = 2.5 feet 1 pace, geometric = 5 feet

1 rod, perch or pole = 16.5 feet (5.5 yards)

1 chain = 22 yards

1 cable = 240 yards

40 rods = 1 furlong

320 rods = 1 mile

8 furlongs = 1 mile

3 miles = 1 (land) league

5280 feet = 1 statute mile

6080 feet = 1 nautical mile

1 degree, 69 1/8 miles = 60 nautical knots or geographical miles

METRIC LINEAR MEASURE

1 meter = 1000 millimeters

10 meters = 1 decameter

1 meter = 100 centimeters

100 meters = 1 hectometer

1 meter = 10 decimeters

1000 meters = 1 kilometer

LINEAR EQUIVALENTS

1 millimeter = .03937 inch

1 meter = 1.0936 yards

1 centimeter = .3937 inch

1 decameter = 393.7 inches

1 decimeter = 3.937 inches

1 hectometer = 328.0833 feet

1 meter = 39.37 inches

1 kilometer = .62137 mile

1 meter = 3.2808 feet

ARCHAIC FORMS OF MEASURE

1 gill = 1/4 pint

1 pint = 4 gills

1 firkin = 9 gallons

1 rundlet = 18 gallons

1 kilderkin = 18 gallons

4 firkins = 1 barrel of 26-36 gallons

1 aum = 30 gallons

1 barrel = 36 gallons

1 tierce = 42 gallons (1/3 pipe)

2 tierce = 1 puncheon

1 puncheon = 72 gallons

1 hogshead = 46-63 gallons

2 hogsheads = 1 pipe

1 pipe = 92 to 115 gallons

2 pipes = 1 tun

1 butt = cask of 108-140 gal.

Barrel of Beer = 36 gallons

Hogshead of Beer = 54 gallons

Hogshead of Wine = 63 gallons

Hogshead of Ale = 32 gallons

1 chaldron = 36 bushels

1 ceroon = a bale of animal hides

1 truss of straw = 36 lbs.

1 truss of old hay = 56 lbs.

1 truss of new hay = 60 lbs.

1 load = 36 trusses

1 ordinary stone = 14 pounds

2 stones = 1 quarter (28 lbs.)

1 stone butchers meat = 8 pounds

1 stone hemp = 32 lbs

1 stone cheese = 16 lbs

1 stone glass = 5 lbs

1 ton shipping = 40 cubic feet

1 ton = 40 cubic feet of timber in the log

1 ton = 50 cubic feet of hewn timber

1 shipping ton = 42 cubic feet of lumber